Al asomarme a este texto descubro la disposición personal que anima su vocación pedagógica, y que cada uno de los lectores podrá advertir apenas comience a transitar su lectura. Si bien muchas de sus reflexiones convergen en lo que llamaríamos una propuesta clásica en la materia, esta convergencia está tematizada con cierta originalidad en dos aspectos: 1) por la lectura hermenéutica de los problemas, y 2), por su abordaje al objetivo pedagógico que alienta su vocación. Al respecto, no deja de (...) sorprendernos la invitación reiterada que formula al lector a fin de que atienda el ejemplo complementario a un contenido, al punto que uno tiene la sensación de estar en plena clase con la guía de un docente, quien con dedicada solicitud acompaña la problemática teórica con ejemplos adecuados para una mejor comprensión. En realidad, esta particular propedéutica que anima al autor se completa con explicar oportunamente un abordaje abiertamente hermenéutico a los mismos problemas, curiosidad que desarrolla específicamente en la segunda parte de la obra. Pero el punto exacto de su propósito queda resumido en este párrafo: "introduzco un tema que vertebra todo el texto: la vinculación del conocimiento científico con el provisto por el mundo de la vida". H. Daniel Dei Carlos Emilio Gende tiene a su cargo cátedras de Epistemología y Filosofía del lenguaje en carreras de la Universidad Nacional del Comahue, donde dirige el Proyecto "Aplicaciones del concepto de interpretación: percepción, metáfora y texto". Conferencista en Universidades del extranjero y Profesor invitado al Doctorado en Filosofía de la Universidad de Lanús. Dirige la revista Horizontes filosóficos, del Centro de estudios en Filosofía de las ciencias y Hermenéutica filosófica del Comahue e integra los comités académicos de varias revistas. Es autor de Lenguaje e interpretación en Paul Ricoeur (2007) y La interpretación de las metáforas (2019), ambos publicados por esta editorial. PROMETEO LIBROS ARGENTINA Este libro contiene el desarrollo de los siguientes temas, entre otros: - La legitimación filosófica del conocimiento científico - El conocimiento vehiculizado en proposiciones verdaderas - Las ciencias fácticas como resultado de una clasificación - El lenguaje como uno de los procesos semióticos - Dimensión pragmática: los usos o funciones del lenguaje - La dimensión semántica: el caso de la definición - De la abstracción perceptiva a la abstracción conceptual - El inductivismo: rasgos y deficiencias - El falsacionismo: versión superadora - Las razones de los problemas - Supuestos filosóficos de una mentalidad científica Con este libro usted podrá explorar mas sobre esta interesante faceta de las ciencias. ¡Adquiera ya este libro y aproveche este completo análisis! TAGS: conocimiento científico, enfoque hermenéutico, dimensión semántica, falsacionismo, abstracción, filosofía, ciencias fácticas. (shrink)

La CEPAL se fundó en 1947 por un periodo de "prueba" de tres años al final del cual se decidiría sobre su futuro. Apenas un año después, Celso Furtado logró ocupar un puesto en sus oficinas en Chile; su carrera como funcionario internacional habría de durar casi ocho años (1948-57), en uno de su..

El gran zoo (1984), del poeta cubano Nicolás Guillén, ofrece distintas representaciones sobre el Caribe. El artículo argumenta que el texto de Nicolás Guillén se inscribe dentro del movimiento literario hispanoamericano de la neovanguardia. Luego, se examinan algunas características formales del texto, tomando como ejemplo los poemas “El sueño” y “Guitarra”. Otro poema que se estudia con más detenimiento es “El tenor”, el cual parodia la división entre la alta cultura y la cultura popular. Por último, se analizan varias alusiones (...) del poemario al contexto histórico de la Guerra Fría y la Carrera Espacial. (shrink)

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar el impacto del estrés emocional en la adecuada toma de decisiones y práctica médica oportuna y de calidad de los estudiantes que cursan el quinto año de la carrera en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Se utilizó una lista de valoración para las competencias de la simulación de reanimación cardiopulmonar avanzada, y un Cuestionario de Maslach Burnout Inventory para valorar los sentimientos, actitudes y (...) de desgaste profesional. Los resultados muestran que aquellos que estaban expuestos a mayor cantidad de labores recientes y estrés fueron más propensos de incidir en errores médicos durante la toma de decisiones y su aprendizaje. This study was conducted with the aim of assessing the impact of emotional stress in the appropriate decision-making and quality medical practice of fifth year medical students from the Faculty of Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. It was used an assessment list for cardiopulmonary resuscitation simulation competence and a Maslach Burnout Inventory Questionnaire was used to assess feelings, attitudes and professional wear and tear. Results show those who were exposed to a greater number of recent tasks and to greater stress were more likely to make medical mistakes while making decisions and learning. (shrink)

It is becoming evident that failure to reconcile African Christians and Muslims is partly due to the misinterpretation of the African epistemology of peace. This work argues that Christian-Muslim peacemaking must be conceived apart from the Western epistemology whereby conferences, lectures, chart signing, religious fora, and systematic military strategies are common practices. For Africans, peacemaking involves creating a space where members of a community connect with each other at a deeper level. This paper explores the process of reconciling African Christians (...) and Muslims, not exclusively from a diplomatic tact and religious slant, but from intrinsic cultural constituents like the African ubuntu, Fulbe’s pulaaku, and the Ethiopian medemer which are entrenched in the notion of kinship. A Fulbe proverb constitutes a tool for illustrating kinship and peace. (shrink)

Racjonalizm w kulturze europejskiej istnieje już od starożytności. Jednak w każdej z epok, przyjmował różną postać: metafizyczną, klasyczną i pragmatyczną. Te różne postacie racjonalizmu miały wpływ na kształtowanie się w przestrzeni duchowej podobnych postaw, poglądów i paradygmatów. I tak, w starożytności racjonalizm nie był przeciwieństwem metafizyki, wręcz się z nią łączył, w średniowieczu nastąpił podział na racjonalizm metafizyczny, który łączył się on z chrześcijaństwem, i racjonalizm, który po nowożytności zyskał miano klasycznego. Natomiast w dobie współczesności racjonalizm przybrał formę pragmatyczną i (...) teoretyczną w różnych społecznych ideach, będąc dalekim od tego, co w starożytności określano mianem praktyki, a to z kolei przełożyło się na społeczne problemy, które nazwać można kryzysem kultury. (shrink)

The Zapatista Indigenous Movement from Chiapas, Mexico is an example of the anthropological dynamics between the visible and the invisible in Western culture and the possible revolution of perceiving reality as such since they had to cover their faces with masks in their rebel anti-system movement in order to be considered as having the same dignity as other human beings: they performed a revolutionary act that changed the symbolic order of the visible by the public exhibition of their colonial submission. (...) The mask gave them a face, disrupting the order of the visible with uncanny faces. In this article, a nondual model is proposed to capture the inessential ground of the given composed of endless perspectives in continuous transformation by the generation of ontological novelty: an open cognitive horizon of symbolically empty points of view irreducible to one perspective. For Krishnamurti, the revolutionary act is to see without an image in order to phenomenologically attend to things as they are beyond the known and the unknown such as Stilinovi? and Malevich pursued the dissolution of symbolic representations through art for the transformation of human reality. (shrink)

Judges were never bound by law to convict a defendant unless they considered him guilty. Yet, they could be prohibited by law from convicting a person they consider guilty due to the absence of legally prescribed or the presence of legally prohibited evidence.Evaluation of Evidence addresses the question: should the law restrict the freedom of judges in assessing the probative value of evidence in the criminal process? Tracing the treatment of evidence from pre-modern to modern times, Mirjan Damaška argues that (...) there has always been some understanding about rules regarding the use and treatment of evidence, and these rules should not be looked askance as a departure from ideal arrangements. In a time when science and technology have the ability to contribute to factual inquiry, there needs to be acceptance of rules that expand or corroborate evidence produced by our native sensory apparatus. (shrink)

Many of the computing systems programmed using Machine Learning are opaque: it is difficult to know why they do what they do or how they work. Explainable Artificial Intelligence aims to develop analytic techniques that render opaque computing systems transparent, but lacks a normative framework with which to evaluate these techniques’ explanatory successes. The aim of the present discussion is to develop such a framework, paying particular attention to different stakeholders’ distinct explanatory requirements. Building on an analysis of “opacity” from (...) philosophy of science, this framework is modeled after accounts of explanation in cognitive science. The framework distinguishes between the explanation-seeking questions that are likely to be asked by different stakeholders, and specifies the general ways in which these questions should be answered so as to allow these stakeholders to perform their roles in the Machine Learning ecosystem. By applying the normative framework to recently developed techniques such as input heatmapping, feature-detector visualization, and diagnostic classification, it is possible to determine whether and to what extent techniques from Explainable Artificial Intelligence can be used to render opaque computing systems transparent and, thus, whether they can be used to solve the Black Box Problem. (shrink)

This paper aims to analyze Diotima’s definition of eros as a desire to beget and give birth in beauty. The main problem lies in the use of the notions of kuêsis, tokos, genesis and gennêsis. We will distinguish the meanings of each term and show that the erotic relationship is focused on the preservation of that which the lover already carries within himself. On this basis, and by using some passages from the Phaedrus, we seek, finally, to explain why science (...) belongs to the realm of generation. (shrink)

The received view of dynamical explanation is that dynamical cognitive science seeks to provide covering law explanations of cognitive phenomena. By analyzing three prominent examples of dynamicist research, I show that the received view is misleading: some dynamical explanations are mechanistic explanations, and in this way resemble computational and connectionist explanations. Interestingly, these dynamical explanations invoke the mathematical framework of dynamical systems theory to describe mechanisms far more complex and distributed than the ones typically considered by philosophers. Therefore, contemporary dynamicist (...) research reveals the need for a more sophisticated account of mechanistic explanation. (shrink)

Models developed using machine learning are increasingly prevalent in scientific research. At the same time, these models are notoriously opaque. Explainable AI aims to mitigate the impact of opacity by rendering opaque models transparent. More than being just the solution to a problem, however, Explainable AI can also play an invaluable role in scientific exploration. This paper describes how post-hoc analytic techniques from Explainable AI can be used to refine target phenomena in medical science, to identify starting points for future (...) investigations of causal relationships, and to generate possible explanations of target phenomena in cognitive science. In this way, this paper describes how Explainable AI—over and above machine learning itself—contributes to the efficiency and scope of data-driven scientific research. (shrink)

To date, no definition of life has been unequivocally accepted by the scientific community. In frustration, some authors advocate alternatives to standard definitions. These include using a list of characteristic features, focusing on life’s effects, or categorizing biospheres rather than life itself; treating life as a fuzzy category, a process or a cluster of contingent properties; or advocating a ‘wait-and-see’ approach until other examples of life are created or discovered. But these skeptical, operational, and pluralistic approaches have intensified the debate, (...) rather than settled it. Given the failure of even these approaches, we advocate a new strategy. In this paper, we reverse the usual line of reasoning and argue that the “life problem” arises from thinking incorrectly about the nature of life. Scientists most often conceptualize life as a class or kind, with earthly life as a single instance of it. Instead, we advocate thinking about Earth’s Life as an individual, in the way that species are now thought to be. In this view, Life is a monophyletic clade that originated with a last universal common ancestor, and includes all its descendants. We can continue to use the category ‘life’ pragmatically to refer to similarities between various phenomena and Life. But the relevant similarities are a matter of interest and preference, not a matter of fact. The search for other life in the Universe, then, is merely a search for entities that resemble parts of Life in whatever sense astrobiologists find most appealing. This does not mean that the search for evolved complexity elsewhere in the universe or its creation in the lab are futile endeavors, but that debates over whether they count as ‘life’ are. Ironically, finally abandoning the concept ‘life’ may make our searches for evolved complexity more fruitful. We explain why. (shrink)

Bayesian reverse-engineering is a research strategy for developing three-level explanations of behavior and cognition. Starting from a computational-level analysis of behavior and cognition as optimal probabilistic inference, Bayesian reverse-engineers apply numerous tweaks and heuristics to formulate testable hypotheses at the algorithmic and implementational levels. In so doing, they exploit recent technological advances in Bayesian artificial intelligence, machine learning, and statistics, but also consider established principles from cognitive psychology and neuroscience. Although these tweaks and heuristics are highly pragmatic in character and (...) are often deployed unsystematically, Bayesian reverse-engineering avoids several important worries that have been raised about the explanatory credentials of Bayesian cognitive science: the worry that the lower levels of analysis are being ignored altogether; the challenge that the mathematical models being developed are unfalsifiable; and the charge that the terms ‘optimal’ and ‘rational’ have lost their customary normative force. But while Bayesian reverse-engineering is therefore a viable and productive research strategy, it is also no fool-proof recipe for explanatory success. (shrink)

"Epistola a Memeceo, Maximas capitales, Sentencias vaticanas, fragmentos y testimonios; texto griego y traduccion": p. [87]-161.

This paper discusses the varieties of capitalism in transitional societies in Latin America and Central / Eastern Europe. The intended purpose of these transitions from semi-closed import-substituting economies in the first case and state socialist ones in the second was to institutionalize open-market economies. Twenty or thirty years later, there is a variety of types of capitalism in these countries, which I classify into three: open-market, neo-mercantilist, and anemic. The question for sociology is whether these quite different variants represent temporary (...) stages or distortions in the same process of transition or whether, on the contrary, they may institutionalize as discrete forms of peripheral capitalism. Neither standard “legacy” argu­ments nor institutionalist theories offer satisfactory answers to this question. The multiple modernities approach, on the other hand, is more appropriate as a theoretical perspective, but it has not produced yet specific propositions applicable to this question. My paper makes two claims. First, the successful transfer of institutions depends on the congruence between these institutions and the broader institutional framework of the recipient economies, a point not developed by institutionalist theories. I offer a hypothesis in this regard: Two critical nodes of congruence are the regulatory and extractive capacity of the state and the strength of civil society. Second, market capitalism (as liberal democracy as well) is a complex institution, and some of its components “travel” more easily across societies and institutional frameworks, and therefore are easier to institutionalize. This is the source of the hybrid variants. (shrink)

What is it for history to matter? Stephen Gould argued that unpredictability is part of the answer. For example, the “fact“ that repeated replays of the history of life would end differently every time is a sign that history matters to the course of evolution. But there is a problem here: if a particular point in the past leaves open alternative possible futures, then in what sense does that point in the past matter with regard to which of the outcomes (...) occurs? We argue that unpredictability is central to the importance of history. However, it is not the unpredictability of the future, but rather the unpredictability of the past itself that is the key. History matters when a particular future depends on a particular past that was not bound to happen, but did. (shrink)

The philosophical conception of mechanistic explanation is grounded on a limited number of canonical examples. These examples provide an overly narrow view of contemporary scientific practice, because they do not reflect the extent to which the heuristic strategies and descriptive practices that contribute to mechanistic explanation have evolved beyond the well-known methods of decomposition, localization, and pictorial representation. Recent examples from evolutionary robotics and network approaches to biology and neuroscience demonstrate the increasingly important role played by computer simulations and mathematical (...) representations in the epistemic practices of mechanism discovery and mechanism description. These examples also indicate that the scope of mechanistic explanation must be re-examined: With new and increasingly powerful methods of discovery and description comes the possibility of describing mechanisms far more complex than traditionally assumed. (shrink)

Translations from Lambda calculi into combinatory logics can be used to avoid some implementational problems of the former systems. However, this scheme can only be efficient if the translation produces short output with a small number of combinators, in order to reduce the time and transient storage space spent during reduction of combinatory terms. In this paper we present a combinatory system and an abstraction algorithm, based on the original bracket abstraction operator of Schonfinkel [9]. The algorithm introduces at most (...) one combinator for each abstraction in the initial Lambda term. This avoids explosive term growth during successive abstractions and makes the system suitable for practical applications. We prove the correctness of the algorithm and establish some relations between the combinatory system and the Lambda calculus. (shrink)

This chapter subsumes David Marr’s levels of analysis account of explanation in cognitive science under the framework of mechanistic explanation: Answering the questions that define each one of Marr’s three levels is tantamount to describing the component parts and operations of mechanisms, as well as their organization, behavior, and environmental context. By explicating these questions and showing how they are answered in several different cognitive science research programs, this chapter resolves some of the ambiguities that remain in Marr’s account, and (...) shows that many different areas and traditions of cognitive scientific research can be unified under the mechanistic framework. (shrink)

Fernando García de la Vega fue uno de los profesionales que pusieron en marcha la televisión de nuestro país. Aquellos profesionales eran auténticos pioneros, que inventaban formatos, imaginaban contenidos a la vez que aprendían a utilizar la novedosa tecnología televisiva, y experimentaban con el nuevo lenguaje audiovisual. García de la Vega empezó haciendo todo tipo de programas, especializándose en concursos y musicales. Es uno de los primeros y grandes maestros de la televisión española. El presente trabajo se detiene en algunos (...) de los más emblemáticos programas que creó, guionizó, dirigió y realizó. (shrink)

At least since Kuhn’s Structure, philosophers have studied the influence of social factors in science’s pursuit of truth and knowledge. More recently, formal models and computer simulations have allowed philosophers of science and social epistemologists to dig deeper into the detailed dynamics of scientific research and experimentation, and to develop very seemingly realistic models of the social organization of science. These models purport to be predictive of the optimal allocations of factors, such as diversity of methods used in science, size (...) of groups, and communication channels among researchers. In this paper we argue that the current research faces an empirical challenge. The challenge is to connect simulation models with data. We present possible scenarios about how the challenge may unfold. (shrink)

Identifying the expression of anger in a foreign language and reproducing it appropriately and precisely are skills whose relevance and lack of satisfying proposals have been pointed by research on the pedagogy of emotions (Dewaele, 2010; Toya & Kodis, 1996). This paper combines an identification of lacks in the pedagogy of emotional intonation with an analysis of spontaneous samples of anger as a basis to didactic guidelines for the introduction of the contextualized teaching of anger expression in Spanish. Through colloquial (...) samples, key features for the expression of anger in Spanish are identified. A selection of technical features is adapted in an accessible didactic proposal that is conformed of the stages of identification, induction of recurrent patterns, guided and free production. The proposal offered here is a starting point for the design of didactic units on emotional and expressive speech, an area that lacks didactic guidelines. (shrink)

Resumen: Este artículo pretende un acercamiento teórico-epistemológico y crítico-reflexivo a las bases que sustentan lo imaginario como una dimensión fundamental de lo social y, en consecuencia, de los estudios de lo social. En un primer momento trata de una definición socio-antropológica de lo imaginario a través de la experiencia simbólica y determinada por la conducta social. En segundo lugar, se identifica lo imaginario como un sistema arquetípico morfo-semántico, constituyendo un modelo transmutable culturalmente. Posteriormente, se establece una dimensión particular para una (...) nueva visualización del objeto antropológico, uno definido entre el hecho social y la experiencia simbólica, dándole énfasis a las significaciones y representaciones sociales. Finalmente, aborda al homo simbolicus como fundamento de la subjetividad y objetividad, donde sus interpretaciones y cognoscencia se erigen como fundamento de toda praxis social. Concluye con una reflexión sobre las posibilidades científicas de una antropología social de lo imaginario como necesidad investigativa en una sociedad meta-empírica.: This article is a theoretical and epistemological critical approach to the arguments supporting the imaginary as a fundamental dimension of social life and, consequently, of the studies of the social. The first part tries to establish a sociological and anthropological definition of the imaginary through the symbolic experience, determined by the social behaviour. Secondly, the imaginary is understood as an archetypal morpho-semantic system, constituting a model that changes culturally. Subsequently, it establishes a dimension for a new display of the anthropological object, defined between the social fact and the symbolic experience, giving emphasis to meanings and social representations. Finally, it addresses the homo simbolicus as the basis of subjectivity and objectivity, where their interpretations and cognoscence stands as the foundation of all social praxis. It concludes with a reflection on the scientific possibilities of a social anthropology of the imaginary as a necesity for research in a meta-empirical society. (shrink)

Con motivo del centenario de su nacimiento, nos adentraremos en la compleja vida y pensamiento del filósofo catalán Raimon Panikkar, una de las principales figuras en el ámbito del diálogo interreligoso. Analizaremos su relación, a veces ambigua, con las diversas tradiciones religiosas que adoptó, examinando su cristología y comparando su ontología de inspiración budista con la del budismo Theravāda. Para concluir, nos gustaría sugerir la posibilidad de una aproximación _homeomórfica _al acto de crear filosofía.

This article examines intertextuality in digital humour through a combination of tools from pragmatics and decoloniality. The study draws on a dataset of Spanish image macros that intertwine highbrow and lowbrow intertextual references. The analysis is framed by key theoretical concepts at the discursive and hierarchical levels. Specifically, three domains of the colonial matrix of power (knowledge, humanity and governance) are used as analytical categories to identify specific intertextual strategies and hierarchies present in the data. The visual and verbal components (...) of the items are analysed through critical discourse analysis with attention to their salient signs. The use of the colonial matrix of power as an analytical tool for identifying hierarchies in intertextual references stands out as a methodological application with the potential to be further replicated in discourse analysis. (shrink)